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- Civil engineers

Civil engineers conduct research, advise on, design, and direct construction; manage the operation and maintenance of civil engineering structures; or study and advise on technological aspects of particular materials.
(a)     Tasks include -
conducting research and developing new or improved theories and methods related to civil engineering;
advising on and designing structures such as bridges, dams, docks, roads, airports, railways, canals, pipelines, waste-disposal and flood-control systems, and industrial and other large buildings;
determining and specifying construction methods, materials and quality standards, and directing construction work;
establishing control systems to ensure efficient functioning of structures as well as safety and environmental protection;
organising and directing maintenance and repair of existing civil engineering structures;
analyzing the behaviour of soil and rock when placed under pressure by proposed structures and designing structural foundations;
analyzing the stability of structures and testing the behaviour and durability of materials used in their construction.